Ufology in Practice
Open file · from secrecy to public hearings

Disclosure: the Pentagon and UAP

In December 2017, a news report revealed that the Pentagon had been secretly studying UFOs. Since then, military videos, reports, congressional hearings, laws and released files have made the subject official. UAP stands for unidentified anomalous phenomena, today’s official name for UFOs. Here you’ll find only facts with open sources; the interpretations appear separately, side by side.

38 milestones87 sourcesUpdated October 11, 2026
Record document or measurementAccount testimonyReading interpretation, with the tradition named
  1. December 16, 2017

    Newspaper reveals a secret Pentagon program

    The New York Times revealed AATIP, a secret Pentagon program that investigated UFO reports with about $22 million secured by Senator Harry Reid. The program was run by Luis Elizondo, and the Pentagon said it had shut it down in 2012. The story came with a video of an encounter between a Navy fighter jet and an unknown object.

  2. April 23, 2019

    Navy formalizes pilot reports

    The U.S. Navy said it was drafting new guidelines for pilots to report encounters with “unidentified aircraft” in military areas. On September 19, a spokesman confirmed that three leaked videos showed “unidentified aerial phenomena” in training areas. According to him, these incursions were a risk to pilot safety.

    U.S. Navy discloses existence of "unidentified aerial phenomena"CBS MorningsSept. 19, 2019, report on the Navy acknowledging the three videos as UAP.
  3. April 27, 2020

    Pentagon releases the three Navy videos

    The Department of Defense authorized the official release of three videos recorded by Navy fighter jets: one from November 2004 (FLIR1, the “Tic Tac”) and two from January 2015 (Gimbal and GoFast). The footage had been circulating since leaks in 2007 and 2017. The Pentagon said the phenomena were still classified as “unidentified.”

    Frame from the FLIR1 video (2004)
    The fighter jet’s infrared sensor display, with the object at the center.U.S. Department of Defense / DVIDS · Public domain · source
    Frame from the Gimbal video (2015)
    Object locked by the sensor above the clouds.U.S. Department of Defense / DVIDS · Public domain · source
    Frame from the GoFast video (2015)
    Sensor locked on a small point over the sea.U.S. Department of Defense / DVIDS · Public domain · source
    Watch the Pentagon's three declassified UFO videos taken by U.S. Navy pilotsCNBC TelevisionThe three official videos back to back, posted the day after the release.
    Pentagon declassifies Navy 'UFO' videos (VIDEO 1/3)ABC NewsThe FLIR1 video, from 2004, in the coverage on release day.
  4. August 14, 2020

    A UAP task force is born

    The Pentagon announced the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF), led by the Navy. Its mission was to detect, analyze and catalog UAP that could threaten national security. Its creation had been approved on August 4 by Deputy Secretary of Defense David Norquist.

  5. December 27, 2020

    Law calls for a public report within 180 days

    The 2021 spending law (Public Law 116-260) gave legal force to a request from the Senate Intelligence Committee. The Director of National Intelligence would have to deliver a report on UAP to Congress within 180 days. That is where the June 2021 report came from.

  6. June 25, 2021

    First official intelligence report

    The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) published a preliminary assessment on UAP. Of the 144 reports from government sources between 2004 and 2021, only one was identified: a large, deflating balloon. In 18 cases, observers described unusual movement or flight patterns.

  7. November 23, 2021

    Task force becomes a Pentagon group

    Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks ordered the creation of the AOIMSG, a group to identify and manage airborne objects. It succeeded the Navy task force and sat under the Office of the Under Secretary for Intelligence and Security.

  8. December 27, 2021

    Congress orders a permanent office

    The 2022 defense authorization law (NDAA, Section 1683) ordered the Pentagon to set up an office dedicated to UAP within 180 days. It is the legal basis of the future AARO.

  9. May 17, 2022

    First public hearing in half a century

    A House Intelligence subcommittee heard in public from Ronald Moultrie, Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, and Scott Bray, Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence. The chairman of the session, André Carson, noted that Congress’s last hearing on the subject had been half a century earlier. Bray said the database already held about 400 reports and showed a video recorded from a fighter jet’s cockpit.

    Scott Bray and Ronald Moultrie testify in the House
    Screenshot from the official broadcast of the May 17, 2022, hearing.U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence · Public domain · source
    Frame from the video shown by Bray
    View from the cockpit of a Navy fighter jet, in the 2021 video shown at the hearing.U.S. Department of Defense / DVIDS · Public domain · source
    Open C3 Subcommittee Hearing on Unidentified Aerial PhenomenaHouse IntelligenceFull hearing, on the House Intelligence Committee’s official channel.
    WATCH LIVE: House Intelligence committee holds hearing on Unidentified Aerial PhenomenaPBS NewsHourFull broadcast of the hearing.
  10. June 9, 2022

    NASA joins in

    NASA announced an independent study on UAP, led by astrophysicist David Spergel. In the announcement, the agency said there was no evidence that UAP were extraterrestrial in origin. The 16-member team began its work on October 24, 2022.

    NASA to Discuss New Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Study TodayNASA VideoThe NASA briefing that announced the study, on June 9, 2022.
  11. July 20, 2022

    Pentagon creates AARO

    The AOIMSG was expanded and became AARO, the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. The director chosen was Sean Kirkpatrick, chief scientist at a Defense Intelligence Agency center. The scope grew to include objects in space, in the air, underwater and those that cross from one domain to another.

  12. January 12, 2023

    Annual report: 366 new reports

    The ODNI published its 2022 report, with 366 new UAP reports. Of these, 163 had balloon-like characteristics, 26 drone-like ones, and 6 were attributed to clutter such as birds, weather or debris; the other 171 remained uncharacterized. The total reached 510 reports.

  13. February 10–12, 2023

    Fighter jets shoot down three objects in three days

    After shooting down a Chinese surveillance balloon on February 4, the Air Force downed three objects: near Alaska (on the 10th), over the Yukon, in Canada (on the 11th), and over Lake Huron (on the 12th). In May 2026, the Pentagon released the video of the F-16 fighter firing over Lake Huron.

  14. April 19, 2023

    AARO shows an “orb” to the Senate

    At a hearing of the Senate’s Emerging Threats subcommittee, Sean Kirkpatrick said AARO already had about 650 cases. He showed video from an MQ-9 drone that filmed an apparently spherical object in the Middle East in 2022. The case was presented as unresolved.

    Sean Kirkpatrick in the Senate
    The AARO director testifies before the subcommittee on April 19, 2023.Defense.gov · Public domain · source
    Pentagon's UFO chief testifies at Senate hearingNBC NewsHighlights of the hearing with Sean Kirkpatrick.
  15. May 31, 2023

    NASA discusses UAP in public

    NASA’s independent team held its public meeting before finalizing its report. At the session, AARO director Sean Kirkpatrick presented the office’s data and videos.

    Kirkpatrick presents data to the NASA team
    Sean Kirkpatrick (left) at NASA’s public meeting in Washington.NASA/Joel Kowsky · Public domain · source
    Public Meeting on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (Official NASA Broadcast)NASA VideoThe full public meeting of NASA’s independent team.
  16. July 14, 2023

    Senators propose the UAP Disclosure Act

    Senators Chuck Schumer and Mike Rounds introduced the UAP Disclosure Act as an amendment to the defense authorization bill. Modeled on the Kennedy assassination records law, it created a collection of documents at the National Archives, with a presumption of disclosure, and an independent review board. The text even provided for eminent domain over “technologies of unknown origin” and “biological evidence of non-human intelligence.”

  17. July 26, 2023

    Whistleblower speaks under oath

    A House Oversight subcommittee heard from former intelligence officer David Grusch and former Navy pilots Ryan Graves and David Fravor. Under oath, Grusch said he had been told of a decades-long program to recover debris from UAP and reverse-engineer them, to which he was denied access. Asked about biological remains, he said they were “nonhuman,” according to the assessment of people with direct knowledge.

    Graves, Grusch and Fravor at the hearing
    Screenshot from the official broadcast of the July 26, 2023, hearing.U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability · Public domain · source
    Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs HearingGOP OversightFull hearing, on the House Oversight Committee’s official channel.
    David Grusch Opening Statement at Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) HearingC-SPANGrusch’s opening statement.
  18. August 31, 2023

    AARO gets its own website

    The Pentagon launched the aaro.mil website, with resolved cases, reporting trends and frequently asked questions. On October 31, the site opened a secure channel for current and former government employees to report UAP-related programs going back to 1945.

  19. September 14, 2023

    NASA: no proof of extraterrestrial origin

    NASA’s independent study concluded that there is no conclusive evidence of an extraterrestrial origin for UAP. The team called for better-quality data, a standardized system for civilian reports and less stigma for those who report. NASA named Mark McInerney its director of UAP research.

    Bill Nelson presents the NASA report
    NASA Administrator Bill Nelson at the Sept. 14, 2023, briefing.NASA/Aubrey Gemignani · Public domain · source
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Independent Study ReportNASAPress conference presenting the report.
  20. October 18, 2023

    Annual report: 291 new reports

    The consolidated report for fiscal year 2023 added 291 new reports, almost all in the air, between August 2022 and April 2023. With them, AARO’s case files passed 800 cases.

  21. December 22, 2023

    Law passed, but scaled back

    The 2024 defense authorization law ordered the National Archives to create a collection of UAP records, to be released within 25 years of each record’s creation. The independent review board and the eminent domain over materials were left out. On the floor, Schumer called the House’s refusal “beyond disappointing.”

  22. March 8, 2024

    AARO reviews the official history

    AARO published the first volume of its historical report, which reviewed government investigations since 1945. It concluded there was no evidence that any of them had confirmed extraterrestrial technology, nor evidence of reverse-engineering programs. It attributed much of those claims to “circular reporting” by the same group of people.

  23. November 13, 2024

    The “Exposing the Truth” hearing

    Two House Oversight subcommittees heard from Luis Elizondo, retired Rear Admiral Tim Gallaudet, journalist Michael Shellenberger and Michael Gold, a former NASA official who served on the agency’s study. In his written testimony, Elizondo stated that excessive secrecy serves to “hide the fact that we are not alone in the cosmos.”

    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Exposing the TruthGOP OversightFull hearing, on the House Oversight Committee’s official channel.
  24. November 14, 2024

    Annual report: 757 reports

    The fiscal year 2024 report counted 757 UAP reports between May 2023 and June 2024. AARO said it had found no evidence of extraterrestrial beings, activity or technology. Its case files passed 1,600 cases.

  25. November 19, 2024

    New AARO director testifies in the Senate

    Jon Kosloski, who took over AARO in August 2024 after coming from the NSA, testified before the Senate’s Emerging Threats subcommittee. That same day, the Pentagon released videos of analyzed cases, such as one of an object filmed near the Mount Etna volcano, in Italy, in 2018.

    Jon T. Kosloski, director of AARO
    Official portrait.All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office · Public domain · source
    WATCH LIVE: Senate holds hearing on unidentified aerial phenomena, better known as 'UFOs'PBS NewsHourBroadcast of the hearing with Jon Kosloski.
  26. February 11, 2025

    House creates a declassification task force

    House Oversight Committee Chairman James Comer created the Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, led by Rep. Anna Paulina Luna. Besides the files on the Kennedy and Martin Luther King assassinations, its list of topics included UAP and unidentified submerged objects (USOs).

  27. April 29, 2025

    AARO releases videos with its verdict

    In 2025, AARO stepped up the release of military videos on its website, each with its assessment of the case. On April 29, it showed an object filmed in 2017 near the Al Taqaddum base, in Iraq, and concluded it was a cluster of balloons. By January 2026, the series included resolved cases, such as balloons and birds, and others left unresolved for lack of data.

  28. June 6, 2025

    Newspaper: the Pentagon itself fed the myths

    The Wall Street Journal reported AARO findings that were not in its 2024 public report. In the 1980s, an Air Force colonel gave doctored photos of flying saucers to the owner of a bar near Area 51, to hide tests of stealth fighters. The paper also described a hazing ritual in which service members were led to believe in an alien technology program.

  29. September 9, 2025

    Missile-versus-orb video shown in Congress

    Luna’s task force heard from military personnel, journalist George Knapp and a lawyer from the nonprofit POGO about secrecy and whistleblower protection. Rep. Eric Burlison played a video that, according to him, shows a Hellfire missile fired by an MQ-9 drone hitting a glowing object near Yemen on October 30, 2024; the object appears to keep going. The Pentagon did not confirm the video’s authenticity.

    Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower ProtectionGOP OversightFull hearing, on the House Oversight Committee’s official channel.
    New video raises questions at House hearing on UFOsCBS MorningsReport with the drone footage from near Yemen.
  30. December 18, 2025

    2026 defense law expands oversight

    The 2026 defense authorization law (Public Law 119-60) requires AARO to brief Congress on UAP intercepts carried out by NORAD and Northern Command, going back to 2004. It also orders intelligence agencies and Pentagon components to hand over their UAP data to AARO “immediately.” And it calls for a review of the secrecy rules applied to these cases.

  31. February 19, 2026

    Trump orders files released

    Days after Barack Obama said on a podcast that aliens are “real” but that he had never seen them, Donald Trump announced on Truth Social that he would direct Secretary of War Pete Hegseth and other agencies to identify and release files on extraterrestrial life, UAP and UFOs. Obama later clarified that he saw no evidence of contact with extraterrestrials during his presidency.

    Trump directs agencies to release files related to alien lifeCNNCoverage of Trump’s announcement.
  32. March 31, 2026

    House demands 46 videos from the Pentagon

    Luna asked Hegseth for 46 UAP videos that, according to whistleblowers, AARO holds, with a deadline of April 14. The list included a formation of four UAP in Iran, in 2022, and the Lake Huron shootdown, in 2023. Those two videos came out in the Pentagon’s second batch of files, on May 22.

  33. May 8, 2026

    Pentagon opens the PURSUE archive

    The Department of War launched PURSUE, an archive at war.gov/UFO with documents, photos and videos from agencies such as the FBI, NASA, ODNI and AARO. The first batch brought 1.2 GB of documents and 1.3 GB of videos. According to the Pentagon, these are “unresolved” cases, and many have not yet been analyzed.

    News Wrap: Pentagon releases ‘never-before-seen’ UFO files on its websitePBS NewsHourNews brief on the first batch.
    Here are the released videos from Pentagon's first batch of UFO filesCBS NewsVideos from the first batch.
  34. July 20, 2026

    Annual report: 319 reports and one case at sea

    The fiscal year 2025 report logged 319 new reports; 114 were resolved, all attributed to ordinary objects such as balloons, satellites, birds and drones. A new tool made it possible to explain 238 cases as satellite reflections. The only maritime case, still under investigation, describes about 100 UAP in the air and two surface vessels near the Virginia coast.

  35. July 21, 2026

    Witnesses released from secrecy agreements

    According to Fox News, Trump ordered the Pentagon and the intelligence community to waive the nondisclosure agreements of former employees and contractors who want to report UAP information to AARO or PURSUE. The administration stressed that this is not a declassification order. On July 31, Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence Aaron Lukas signed the guidance for carrying out the measure.

  36. July 22, 2026

    House passes disclosure rules

    The House adopted Rep. Eric Burlison’s UAP Disclosure Act as an amendment to the 2027 defense authorization bill. The text creates a permanent collection at the National Archives and an independent review board, with subpoena power and members confirmed by the Senate. The proposal still has to get through the Senate.

  37. September 14, 2026

    Pentagon formalizes the secrecy waiver

    The Department of War issued a legal waiver authorizing current and former military personnel, civilians and contractors to report UAP-related defense information to PURSUE representatives. The measure lifts the civil and administrative penalties of nondisclosure agreements, including those of special access programs, for these conversations only.

  38. September 18, 2026

    Sixth batch of files

    The Pentagon published the sixth PURSUE batch; the earlier ones came out on May 22, June 12, July 10 and August 7. This batch includes the Tremonton film, shot in Utah in 1952. The Pentagon says it is already preparing the next release.

    Watch: Pentagon releases 15 new UFO videosCBS NewsVideos from the sixth batch.
Readings

What each side says

ReadingOfficial (AARO and NASA)

For AARO, no official investigation since 1945 has confirmed extraterrestrial technology, and every case the office is able to resolve turns out to be an ordinary object, such as balloons, birds, drones and satellites. The office says a lack of sensor data is the biggest obstacle to resolving more cases. NASA treats the extraterrestrial hypothesis as a “last resort” and calls for more data and less stigma.

ReadingPolitical and institutional

For lawmakers such as Anna Paulina Luna, Tim Burchett and Eric Burlison, this is a matter of transparency and national security: in their view, reports get ignored or delayed, and AARO gives Congress inadequate answers. Since 2023, senators and representatives have been trying to pass an independent board to review and release documents. Christopher Mellon, a former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, said AARO’s historical report is the most error-filled and unsatisfactory government report he can remember.

ReadingUfological (whistleblowers)

Whistleblowers and journalists who cover the subject maintain that the government hides more than it reveals. David Grusch said under oath that he had been told of a program to recover and reverse-engineer UAP. Luis Elizondo told Congress that secrecy serves to “hide the fact that we are not alone in the cosmos,” and George Knapp says documents obtained through Freedom of Information requests contradict the official line.

ReadingSkeptical and psychosocial

Skeptics point out that sensor videos can be misleading: NASA calculated that the GoFast object was moving at about 40 mph (64 km/h), a typical wind speed at around 13,000 feet (4,000 meters), and not skimming the sea at high speed. AARO attributes the belief in secret programs to “circular reporting” by a small group, amplified by social media. And the Wall Street Journal showed that the Pentagon itself planted flying saucer stories to protect secret projects.

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